In the past few decades, the improvement of intraoral soft tissue aesthetics has become a significant element in clinical dentistry, including gingiva, which is the most commonly affected intraoral tissue, causing an unpleasant appearance. 1, 2 In fact, oral pigmen - tation is a discoloration of the oral mucosa or gingiva due to several exogenous and endogenous factors, such as drugs, heavy metals, genetics, endocrine dis - turbance, and inflammation...
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