In the past, it was a significant challenge for clinicians to achieve implantation in the alveolar ridge of the posterior zone with restricted bone height, for which the alternative treatment choices were limited. However, procedural and technological developments have enabled implantation in most cases of severe bone resorption through the use of complex bone augmentation techniques, such as bone transmission, sinus lifting, distraction and nerve transpositioning, and the use of bone substitute, membrane and nail fixation, which might increase the risk of complication and failure...
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